Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Essay -- OCD Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a mental illness that traps people in endless cycles of repetitive thoughts and behaviors. Pierre Janet described obsessive-compulsive disorder by using the term psychasthenia. Sigmund Freud described obsessions and compulsions as psychological defenses used to deal with sexual and aggressive conflicts in the unconscious mind (Bruce Bower: 1987). OCD is also known as â€Å"The Doubting Disease,† because it’s as though the mind doesn’t register when the person does a certain action, which triggers the source of the obsession (USA Today:1995). Unlike most people with anxiety disorders, those diagnosed with OCD are more obsessed with what will happen to others instead of themselves (Edna Foa: 1995). Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder occurs in a spectrum from mild to severe. At some point the person will see the actions or thoughts as unreasonable and senseless. All people have habits and routines, but what makes obsessive-compulsive people different is the fact that their obsessions and compulsions interfere with their daily lives (American Family Physician: 2000). They spend large amounts of time doing odd rituals. The rituals can take hours a day and make the sufferers miserable and doesn’t allow them for much of a business or social life (Harvard Mental Health Letter). At one OCD clinic, many had lost years of work to their symptoms. Seventy-five percent said the disorder interfered with their family lives and thirteen percent had attempted suicide (Harvard Mental Health Letter: 1998). Phebe Tucker, a psychiatrist at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, explained, the most common obsession is washing hands for fear of contamination. Other acts are counting over and over, checking locks, hoarding items such as newspapers or cartons, repeatedly dressing and undressing, and walking in and out of doorways. The thought and behavior patterns are senseless and distressing. They can make it very difficult for a person to function properly at work, school, or even at home. Obsessions take the form of doubts, fears, images, or impulses. (Harvard Mental Health Center: 1998) Obsessions are unwanted ideas, images, and impulses that run through a person’s mind over and over again. They are intrusive, unpleasant and produce high anxiety. (www.lycos.com: April 2000) Sometimes the obsessions come once and a while and other... ...ehavioral therapy. Eventually they will overcome their compulsions and be able to control their obsessions.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works Cited Kendall, Phillip C. and Constance Hamman. (1998). Abnormal Psychology: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Understanding Human Problems. Boston New York OCD: What it is and how to treat it. (March 1, 2000). American Family Physician, V61 pg. 1532 General Review: Obsessive Compulsive Part I. (Oct. 1998) Harvard Mental Health Letter, v15 I 4 General Review: Obsessive Compulsive Part II. (Nov. 1998) Harvard Mental Health Letter, v15 i5 OCD Meds not likely to replace therapy: the challenge is to tailor the right combination of treatments for patient. (Jan. 1997). Behavioral Health Treatment, v2 n1 pg1 Begely, Sharon and Nina A. Biddle. For the obsessed, the mind can fix the brain. (Feb. 26, 1996) Newsweek, v127 n9 pg. 60 Help for obsessive-compulsive disorder. (aug. 1995). USA Today, v124 pg. 12 Foa, Edna B. How do treatments for obsessive compulsive disorder compare?. (July 1995). Harvard Mental Health Letter v12 n1 pg.8 Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: review of drug treatment. (Sept. 15, 1994). American Family Physician, v50 pg. 831

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Essay

Introduction â€Å"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a lung ailment that is characterized by a persistent blockage of airflow from the lungs† ( World Health Organisation (WHO) website, nd). This report will examine the causes, symptoms and treatment of COPD. It will discuss current statistics on COPD and some of the current treatments available. Multiple sources were used including websites, leaflets and government documents. Over 440,000 people in Ireland are thought to have COPD ( Living with COPD website, nd). By 2020, it is predicted to be the third leading cause of death worldwide (Living with COPD website, 2013). A recent COPD audit in Europe discovered that 50% of sufferers will die or be readmitted to hospital within a 3 month period (Living with COPD website, 2013). Approximately 1400 people die every year from the condition (Oireachtas website, 2013). Ireland has one of the highest incidents of death in Europe from COPD (Living with COPD website, 2013). COPD is an irreversible lung disease which causes permanent lung damage. In COPD, the airflow to the lungs become narrower and blocked and breathing becomes difficult (COPD Support website, nd). COPD is an umbrella term for Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema (Living with COPD website, nd). Causes The single biggest cause of COPD is smoking. 80-90% of people with the condition have COPD due to smoking. (COPD Support website, 2009). Other causes are air pollution, exposure to fumes or dust particles at work, passive smoking, recurring respiratory infections in early life and a rare genetic disorder called Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency (National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute website, nd). Diagnosis and Symptoms A breathing test called Spirometry is used to diagnose COPD (COPD FOUNDATION Website, nd). The test measures how well a person breathes. In Ireland, access to Spirometry Tests is not available nationwide and tests must be carried out in hospital (Oireachtas website, 2013). Early diagnosis can greatly slow down the condition (National Health Service website, 2012). Often COPD is diagnosed after a person has an  exacerbation of the condition (American Thoracic website, nd). An exacerbation of COPD means the  symptoms have become more severe. It is generally caused by an infection in the lungs and hospitalisation is required which leads to diagnosis of the condition ( American Thoracic website, nd). Symptoms of COPD include wheezing, persistent cough with mucus that will not go away, breathlessness completing everyday tasks and difficulty taking deep breaths (American Lung Association website, nd). Symptoms typically start to emerge from the age of 40 years onwards (Living with Copd website, 2013). Long term complications associated with COPD include, weight loss and swallowing issues known as Dysphagia (Queensland Health and The Australian Lung Foundation, 2012). Swallowing issues can arise as the patient can often breathe when eating, which causes food to enter the lungs. This can lead to reflux, indigestion problems, difficulty in finishing meals and lung infections (Queensland Health and The Australian Lung Foundation, 2012). Stages There are 4 stages of COPD: Mild, Moderate , Severe and Very Severe (End Stage) (COPD International website, nd). Mild: The person may have slight breathlessness and may or may not have a cough but is unaware they have COPD (COPD International website, nd). Moderate: Breathlessness carrying out day to day tasks, may or may not have frequent cough with mucus. At this stage the condition is normally diagnosed  as symptoms become more severe (COPD International website, nd). Severe: COPD greatly affects the quality of life, physical activity is limited, exacerbations of COPD are much more frequent (COPD International website, nd). Very Severe/End Stage; At this stage oxygen is required continuously, any exertion at all is difficult. Chronic Respiratory Failure and/or Heart Failure and death occurs (Kenny,T 2011). This knowledge would enable a Healthcare Support Worker to identify the early signs of the condition, have an increased awareness of a patient with a persistent cough, frequent colds or chest infections and encourage the patient to seek medical help for a diagnosis. Treatments Stopping smoking is critical in treating COPD, as giving up smoking greatly prevents the condition worsening. Inhalers are generally used to control and relieve symptoms of COPD. Short-Acting Inhalers are used to alleviate breathlessness, Long-Acting Inhalers which work over 12 hours to relieve symptoms, and Steroid Inhalers also assist breathing (British Lung Foundation website, nd). Oxygen Therapy is used in severe COPD. Patients may require oxygen for day to day tasks, when sleeping or in some cases, 24 hours a day. Oxygen is available in tanks, liquid form or oxygen concentrators (COPD Support website, nd). Pulmonary Rehabilitation Programmes also plays a vital role in the treatment of COPD (Oireachtas website, 2013). In Ireland, programmes are normally ran over 20 sessions, with patients attending two to three times a week. Group numbers are limited to a maximum of 15 people. The programme consists of Exercise, Nutrition to increase fitness levels and Education to increase the patients awareness of the condition (Health Service Executive website, 2013). COPD patients have been shown to gain hugely from Pulmonary Rehabilitation Programmes, improving quality of life, reducing hospital admissions and increasing survival chances (Oireachtas website, 2013). A person with COPD uses 10 times the energy to breathe than a person without the condition. It is important to replace lost calories, maintain weight and also to protect the immune system against colds and flu’s (American Lung website, nd). Foods high in both energy, sugar and fat such as fried foods, full fat dairy products and readymade meals are recommended to encourage weight gain. However it is important that a healthy diet is also maintained (COPD Education website, nd). Supplement drinks are often recommended to increase calorie intake between meals. If swallowing issues occur, soft foods such as soups and stews are recommended and patients are encouraged to eat several smaller meals throughout the day (COPD Education website, nd). With this knowledge a HealthCare Worker would ensure that meals are small but nutritious at regular intervals . A HealthCare Support Worker would also consider how meals are prepared as softer, more manageable foods may be required. Conclusion This report has examined the causes, symptoms and treatments of COPD. This report discussed current statistics regarding the condition and some of the treatments available. From researching this report it is clear that more public awareness of COPD in Ireland is essential to highlight the link between COPD and smoking. COPD needs to feature strongly in Anti-smoking campaigns to promote this awareness, which would enable early diagnosis and treatment.

How the United States can Solve the Debate on Female...

Historically, only men have fought in wars. Other than a few exceptions, such as Joan of Arc, this has largely remained true to this day. However, in 2013, the Pentagon announced that by 2016, the ban preventing women from entering combat will be fully revoked. This means that women in the United States military will be placed into combat roles, such as Army and Marine infantry units, artillery, armor, Special Operations Forces, and the Navy SEALs. This shift, which will open more than 250,000 combat-related jobs to women in the military, has generated mixed feelings from those in the armed forces. A large number of female soldiers believe that this ban removal is simply a formalization. This is because women have been deployed at or†¦show more content†¦One safeguard is that women’s physical fitness requirements should not be lowered just so they can be permitted into combat. Another precaution, one that may be expensive, is that separate facilities and ground units should be established for women in deployment to help avoid sexual assault. Also, a restriction that should be put in place is that women in the military should not be forced into these combat roles. It’s also very important to ensure that civilian women aren’t included in the draft. These proposals are within reason, and I believe that with them in place, the implementation of women into combat will be successful. The first precaution I mentioned was that women should not be held in a double standard, meaning that the combat physical fitness requirements should not be lowered for them. We wouldn’t be doing female soldiers any favors by lowering these standards. In fact, they should be raised to match the men’s requirements so that they are better prepared for combat. 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Human Trafficking A Form Of Modern Day Slavery - 1339 Words

Trafficking in persons or TIP, â€Å"is a form of modern day slavery† (Women’s Bureau 2002). â€Å"Traffickers often prey on individuals who are poor; frequently unemployed, or underemployed, and who may lack access to social safety nets. Victims are often lured by traffickers with false promises of good jobs and better lives, and then forced to work under brutal and inhumane conditions†(Attorney General). TIP â€Å"involves the use of violence, threats or deception to create a pliant and exploitable work force† (UNODC 2010) and includes two broad categories: (1) indenture of undocumented workers who are brought into bonded servitude; and (2) trade in persons for the commercial sex industry. Both often involve the manipulation of persons with promises of legitimate employment. According to U.S federal law, â€Å"human trafficking involves the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for the purposes of forced labor or se rvices through the means of force, fraud or coercion. Sex trafficking occurs when a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or when the person induced to perform such acts is under the age of 18† (Office for the Victims of Crime). Trafficking differs from alien smuggling, which seeks short-term gain by aiding undocumented persons to gain entry to a country. The relationship with the smuggler ends when the alien reached his or her destination; human trafficking seeks a continuing exploitive relationship. 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Business Management Analysis Essays - 992 Words

Rocco Rapini, owner of Decorative Interiors Inc (DI), aged 47 years has suffered an unexpected heart attack on 8th July, 2006 and is advised by doctors to reduce stress significantly in daily routine. This has forced him to take an appropriate decision about his business. He is in a dilemma and not able to decide which course of action will be beneficial both for his business as well as his health. Keeping this in mind, he has hired the services of a management consultant to help him take a decision on how to proceed. Keeping ourselves in his shoes, we have analyzed various alternatives based on the following data:- a) Balance Sheet as on 31st December 2005. b) Statement of earning for year ending 2005. c) Population and housing†¦show more content†¦Although he has been doing this business for the past 18 years, the growth in his business is due to his familiarity with the Italian community to which he belongs. He will be deprived of his community connection incase he shifts to suburb. Establishing new business connections will be very difficult as he will be new to that area. Being suburb area, there will not be enough opportunity for his wife to support him financially, if needed. Continuing the business in the same showroom: It is estimated that the cost of hiring a sales manager and part time installer to run his business from the current show room will be $90,000 per annum. Although, his sales figures will increase to the level of 2004, [How can you assume that? Morris was an exceptional person. The spurt in sales in 2004 was due to her.] the monitoring of hired personnel will also add to his stress. Moreover, his past experience with Mary Morris was not less than a nightmare for him. Being a perfectionist, he is not at ease with anyone he hires. If the work undertaken by the hired personnel is not perfectly customer oriented, he will lose reputation and good will. 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Penguins (966 words) Essay Example For Students

Penguins (966 words) Essay Penguins==================================================Penguins: the eyes have it!LIFE SCIENCESMyopic little men in tuxedos, or highly efficientland/water animals? Recent research indicatestheres more to penguins than meets the eye. If youve every wondered what it would be like tobe able to see as clearly under water as you can onland, just ask the nearest penguin.Most aquaticanimals are short-sighted on land. Mostterrestrial animals (and that includes us) arefar-sighted under water. But researchers havediscovered that penguins can apparently see equallywell in both environments, because of the uniquestructure of their eyes. Penguins have to be able to see well under waterbecause their diet consists mainly of plankton,molluscs, crustaceans, and the inevitable fish. We will write a custom essay on Penguins (966 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Through a special slowing-down of their heart ratetheyre able, like many other diving animals, tostay submerged long enough to search out and chasewhatever catches their fancy. On dry land, its a different story-or has been upto now. Waddling along on their flat little feet,eyes fixed intently on the ground, penguins appearmyopic, inefficient and generally out of place. In fact the reverse is true. During a recent stayon the Falkland Islands, a Canadian researcherdiscovered that penguins are able to recognizeindividuals and navigate the rocky terrain on whichthey live quite well. Long of body and short ofleg, they probably poke their heads forward as anaid to balance. And as for looking at the ground,theyre merely-like us-keeping an eye on wheretheyre going. The human eye is adapted for aerial vision, whichis why scuba divers-or even you and I in the localswimming pool-must wear goggles or a face mask tore-introduce air in front of our eyes in order tosee clearly. Among vertebrates in general, the bird eye isfrequently described as the most efficient. Itssuperior quality, combined with the fact that alarge number of birds-cormorants, pelicans,seagulls, even ducks, as well as penguins-get theirfood from water, obviously deserved research beyondthat possible in a controlled environment such asan aquarium or zoo. Professor Jacob Sivak of theUniversity of Waterloo and his associate, ProfessorHoward Howland of Cornell University, had a chanceto do that research recently. Their trip had butone purpose-to study the structure of penguinseyes while observing their natural habitat. The Falkland Islands, off the coast of Argentina,offered this opportunity, being one the few areasoutside Antarctica where penguins can be found inlarge numbers. Three of the 16 known species werelocated there: the Gentoo, which live on flatareas right off the beach; the Magellan (alsocalled Jackass), which live in burrows; and theRock-hoppers, which live among the rocks along thecliffs. The Rock-hoppers were by far the most common,having a population of well over 100,000. Thegeneral rule is, the smaller the penguin, themeaner the temperament, and the researchers didwitness the odd fight. Their flippers may lookpretty useless out of water, but its not smart toplay around with a penguin. Helll stand hisground in a face-off and if youre foolish enoughto get too close, those flippers can knock youflat. Dr. Sivak and his associate, however, had littletrouble. Rock-hoppers always congregate in fairlytight groups, as a defense against predatory birdssuch as the skua (a large seagull that thinks itsa hawk), and two more upright figures in theirmidst didnt seem to bother them. Standing as close to their subjects as 0.3m, thescientists used two devices: one, developed byProfessor Howland, to take photographs of thepenguins eyes; the othger, developed by Dr. Sivak,to shine a series of concentric circles on thecornea and give a measurement of how reflections ofobjects are altered by curvature of the eye. .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130 , .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130 .postImageUrl , .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130 , .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130:hover , .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130:visited , .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130:active { border:0!important; } .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130:active , .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130 .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Metamorphosis EssayDespite the fact all the work had to be done atnight-the only time the penguins pupils weredilated enough-the results were worth it. Comparison of the photographs with similar photosof human eyes, and study of the internal structureof the eyes of creatures discovered killed by seallions, proved the scientists theory that thepenguins eyes are the secret of its survival. In general terms, a penguin eye and a human eye arealmost identical. Both have the same componentsnecessary for vision-a cornea through which lightcan enter; an iris which controls the amount oflight that enters; and a crystalline lens thatfocuses the light onto the back of the eye where aspecialized membrane, the retina, receives it andpasses the message along the optic nerve to thebrain for interpretation. In the penguin eye, hoever, there are many subtledifferences. The cornea, for example, is markedlyflattened compared to ours so much so that italmost resembles a window-pane. This greatlyalters the angle at which light can enter the eyeand is very important for underwater swimming, whenlight enters the eye obliquely through a medium(water) whose density is quite different to thedensity of air. The penguin iris is controlled by a very powerfulmuscle which is able to drastically alter the shapeof the lens attached to it, depending on whetherthe penguin is in or out of the water. The lens,comparatively larger than ours and differentlyshaped, focuses the light coming through theflattened cornea onto the retinal body at the backof the eye. In this way, the penguin eye adapts towhatever medium it happens to be in at the time. Interestingly, there was no evidence of eyeproblems (apart from one incident of blindness dueto injury) in the group of penguins studied. Ofcourse penguins dont read, watch TV or encounterany of the numerous irritants we land-bound animalssubject ourselves-or are subjected-to during ourlifetime. Both the testing devices and methods used in thisstudy are easily adaptable for use with human eyes,paving the way for fast, easy identification of eyeproblems. Also, the researchers hope that theinsights theyve gained into how animals deal withtwo environments may lead to knowledge of how humans,in the future, might do likewise. ==================================================PENGUINS (C) 1987 Ontario Science Centre. May be duplicated for use on other informationservices with permission. ==================================================

Oedipus The King Essays (561 words) - Oedipus The King, Oedipus

Oedipus The King In Greek mythology the oracles or gods are rarely wrong in their predictions of the future. Yet the characters still try to fight the predictions. Do their personalities and traits decide their future, or does fate take its course no matter what? Oedipus was a shrewd man furnished with wit and intellect, yet his lack of insight (the ability to see and understand clearly the inner nature of himself) and his arrogance led to his demise, not fate. Oedipus's aret? (an exceptional ability or gift) was unravelling riddles, and solving any puzzles with ease. He had a surplus of the aptitude to look outward, but unfortunately he had a deficiency of the ability to look inward. This talent of looking outward made him renowned for deciphering riddles and mysteries. Yet when Tiresias appears and speaks in riddles, Oedipus cannot solve them because of his lack of insight. Tiresias's riddles are clear in what they state, but Oedipus cannot understand them because he doesn't know himself well enough. Tiresias conveys, All ignorant! And I refuse to link my utterance with a downfall such as yours.(Pg.42) At this point in the play, Oedipus still cannot perceive who the murderer of King Laius is, even though the riddle is obvious. Oliver 2 Oedipus has the ability to comprehend the riddles, but he won't allow himself to accept the truth. When Oedipus saved Thebes from The Sphinx, he answered this difficult puzzle. The Sphinx demanded, What creature is it that walks on four feet in the morning, on two at noon, and on three in the evening? With his eminent mastery of riddles and having an open mind, Oedipus replied, It is Man. As a child he crawls on four. When he grows up he walks upright on his two feet, and in old age he leans on a staff.1 This puzzle is far more complex than Tiresias's rudimentary riddles, so Oedipus has the ability to solve the riddles but cannot let himself do so, because of his pomposity. Oedipus is so arrogant that he can't believe that he could possibly have done anything wrong. He suffered from the sin of hubris. That is, he was very vain, and conceited. No matter how straightforward Tiresias's riddles were, Oedipus's pride wouldn't let him solve them. Finally, Tiresias came right out and said what he meant without a riddle, and Oedipus still couldn't accept that he did anything wrong. Tiresias simply stated, I say, you murdered the man whose murderer you require. (Pg.37) Following that remark from Tiresias, Oedipus shielded himself by accusing his brother in law, Creon (his uncle in reality), of forcing these insinuations from Tiresias. Of course, this wasn't true, it was just a classic example of Oedipus's arrogance trying to defend itself. Oedipus's expiration was caused simply because of his arrogance and his lack of self knowledge. He didn't understand himself well enough. He could unravel any mystery besides Oliver 3 his own existence. All of his life Oedipus had solved mysteries and puzzles about subjects other than himself. Now that he was faced with riddles accusing him of something, his own arrogance kept him from the truth. Oedipus would have solved Tiresias's riddles instantaneously if it weren't for his pride, and lack of insight. Finally, the truth is forced on Oedipus with outstanding evidence, presented by the messenger, and the shepherd, so he must accept his destiny. Was he not able to solve Tiresias's riddles because his arrogance wouldn't allow him to, or did he recognize the answers immediately, his vanity not allowing him to acknowledge the truth?